Research-informed health explainers
Plain-language guides to conditions, treatments, and medications — each one grounded in peer-reviewed research from the specialists in our directory.
18 articles in Endocrinology · Page 1 of 2
Bupropion-Naltrexone vs Semaglutide for Weight Loss
Compare bupropion-naltrexone (Contrave) and semaglutide (Wegovy) for weight loss: efficacy data, side effects, cost, cardiovascular outcomes, and how to choose.
Caroline Apovian, M.D. · Ildiko Lingvay, MD · Jonathan Purnell, MD · Amy Rothberg, MD
Compounded Semaglutide vs Ozempic: Safety Concerns
What the evidence shows about compounded semaglutide versus brand-name Ozempic — purity, dosing accuracy, regulatory status, and what to ask your doctor.
Ildiko Lingvay · John Buse · Caroline Apovian
Craniopharyngioma: Surgery vs Radiation Treatment
Surgery and radiation both treat craniopharyngioma, but they carry different risks. Here is what the research says about when each approach is used.
Beverly Biller, MD · Maria Fleseriu, MD · Baha Arafah, MD · Laurence Katznelson, MD
Estrogen Patches vs. Injections: Routes of Administration
Compare estrogen patches and injections for hormone therapy — covering pharmacokinetics, estradiol levels, bone health, and how each route affects the body.
Danit Ariel, MD · Joanna Spencer-Segal, MD · Brian Swiglo, M.D.
GLP-1 for PCOS: Does It Help?
GLP-1 medications are not FDA-approved for PCOS, but emerging evidence supports off-label use in women with overweight and insulin resistance — the metabolic drivers of PCOS symptoms.
Ildiko Lingvay, MD · Anne Peters, M.D. · Kenneth Cusi, MD
GLP-1 Side Effects: How to Manage Nausea and Vomiting
Nausea is the top reason people stop GLP-1 medications. Here is what the STEP trials found and how to manage it.
Ildiko Lingvay, MD · Anne Peters, M.D. · John Buse, MD
Inclisiran vs PCSK9 Inhibitors: Injection Frequency
Inclisiran requires 2 injections per year; PCSK9 antibodies need up to 26. Both cut LDL by roughly 50%. Here is how to choose between them.
Anne Goldberg, MD · Eliot Brinton, MD · Robert Eckel, MD
Menopause Hormone Therapy: Benefits and Risks
Evidence-based breakdown of menopause hormone therapy benefits and risks — hot flashes, bone loss, cardiovascular effects, cognition — and when HRT is appropriate.
Emily Szmuilowicz, M.D. · Eliot Brinton, MD · Sundeep Khosla, M.D. · Ellen Seely, MD
Mounjaro vs Ozempic for Type 2 Diabetes: Which Is Better?
Head-to-head comparison of tirzepatide (Mounjaro) and semaglutide (Ozempic) for type 2 diabetes, grounded in SURMOUNT-2, STEP-2, SUSTAIN-6, and the ADA/EASD 2022 consensus.
Bruce Bode, M.D. · Ildiko Lingvay, MD · John Buse, MD
Ozempic vs Wegovy: Are They the Same Drug?
Both are semaglutide, but FDA-approved for different indications at different doses. Plain-language breakdown of what that means for coverage, dosing, and use.
Ildiko Lingvay, MD · Bruce Bode, M.D. · Janet McGill, MD
Pituitary Tumor: Surgery vs Radiation Treatment Options
When pituitary tumor surgery is first-line versus when radiation steps in — evidence-based guide to transsphenoidal resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, and what the research shows.
Beverly Biller, MD · Laurence Katznelson, MD · Maria Fleseriu, MD · Baha Arafah, MD · Anthony Heaney, M.D.
Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: Compared
Plain-language comparison of semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide, grounded in landmark trials including STEP-1, SELECT, and SURMOUNT-2.
Bruce Bode, M.D. · Ildiko Lingvay, MD · John Buse, MD